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Understanding Your Obesity Treatment Options Brochure

*This information is for educational purposes only and is not a substitute for medical advice, diagnosis or treatment from a qualified healthcare professional.

UNDERSTANDING YOUR OBESITY TREATMENT OPTIONS

Understanding how weight affects your health matters, and you do not have to navigate treatment on your own. Weight and weight loss are complex, but losing just 5% of your total body weight can improve health for many people with obesity. A healthcare provider can help you understand the factors that contribute to weight gain and guide you through available treatment options.

There are several ways to treat obesity, and it can be hard to know where to begin. Many people benefit from using more than one approach since no single method works for everyone. Combining strategies often leads to better long-term results. Talk with your healthcare provider about lifestyle changes and additional treatments that may support your goals.

Before starting any treatment, see a healthcare provider. Together, you can choose the options that best fit you and your lifestyle.

This resource explores the most common obesity treatment options available today:

Behavior modification
Community-based programs
Commercial weight-loss options
Physician-supervised options
Bariatric surgery and devices

If you do not have a healthcare provider who specializes in obesity care, visit ObesityCareProviders.com to find one near you.

BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION

Your everyday habits guide many of your choices and can affect your health. Some days you grab something quick to eat, other days you plan ahead. Some weeks you find moments to move your body. Other times you focus on getting enough sleep. These patterns also shape the routines your family sees. Changing habits is not always easy, but small steps and the right support can make a real difference.

Understanding Health and Nutrition

Our food, activity and sleep habits can all influence our health. Learning how your body works and how to care for it is an important step in managing your weight. Building knowledge about nutrition, movement, rest and healthy living helps you make more mindful choices. You can learn in many ways, including talking with your healthcare provider, meeting with a registered dietitian and reading trusted health resources like those from the Obesity Action Coalition.

Talking To Your Healthcare Provider (HCP) – Discussing your weight and health with your healthcare provider is a good first step. Come prepared with a food journal showing what you ate and drank for one week, a list of your physical activity for that same week, your medical conditions and family health history (such as diabetes, heart disease, hypertension), and a list of all medications, vitamins and supplements you take. Your provider can help you understand what may be contributing to weight gain and what treatment options are right for you.

Meeting with a Registered Dietitian (RD) – Registered dietitians are nutrition experts who can teach you about meal planning, portion sizes and healthy food choices that support your goals. A dietitian can help you create meal plans that fit your lifestyle, understand how food affects your weight and overall health, and set and reach realistic nutrition goals.

Building Your Support Team – You do not have to manage weight and health changes alone. Building a team of support can help you stay motivated and address the different parts of your well-being. Your team might include a primary care provider or obesity medicine specialist, a registered dietitian, a psychologist or counselor to help with emotional and behavioral factors, and an exercise professional to guide safe and effective physical activity. This team approach can help you build lasting habits, manage challenges and support your mental and physical health throughout your journey.

Your everyday choices — what you eat, how you move and how you care for yourself — combine to shape your lifestyle. Making realistic, sustainable changes is key to improving your health and managing your weight.

NUTRITION AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY

Eating well and moving your body are important parts of managing weight and improving health. Making changes does not have to mean drastic diets or intense workouts. Small, consistent steps lead to lasting progress.

Nutrition

Focus on balance and variety. Choose foods that give your body the energy and nutrients it needs, like lean proteins, fruits, vegetables, whole grains and healthy fats. Understanding portion sizes, reading food labels and planning meals ahead can help you make mindful choices.

Physical Activity

Regular movement improves strength, mood, sleep and heart health. Start with activities you enjoy and that fit your ability level, such as walking, swimming, dancing or chair exercises. Every bit of movement adds up. Talk with your healthcare provider before starting a new activity, especially if you have health conditions or mobility concerns.

Remember, lasting change happens when you find a balance that feels realistic for your lifestyle.

BEHAVIORAL THERAPY AND EMOTIONAL HEALTH

Our emotions, habits and thoughts play a big role in weight and health. Behavioral therapy can help you identify patterns like emotional eating, stress triggers or negative self-talk that make change harder.

Working with a psychologist, counselor or therapist can help you set realistic goals, manage setbacks and build resilience. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), mindfulness and stress-reduction techniques are often used to support healthy lifestyle changes.

Caring for your emotional health is just as important as caring for your physical health. Asking for help is a sign of strength, and emotional support can make a real difference in long-term success.

To find a qualified mental health professional near you, visit ObesityCareProviders.com.

COMMUNITY-BASED PROGRAMS

Community-based programs bring people together to learn, share experiences and support one another in managing weight and improving health. They provide motivation, accountability and a sense of belonging, which can make lasting change easier.

TOPS® (Take Off Pounds Sensibly) – TOPS focuses on gradual, realistic progress through balanced eating, portion control and regular activity. Members meet in small groups for education, support and encouragement. These meetings help participants build healthy habits they can maintain over time.

YMCA® Diabetes Prevention Program – The YMCA Diabetes Prevention Program helps individuals at risk for type 2 diabetes through guided group sessions that teach healthy eating, physical activity and stress management. Participants work toward modest weight loss and increased activity levels with the support of a trained lifestyle coach.

Research shows that group-based programs can strengthen efforts to improve health and support changes made through medical care or lifestyle interventions. These programs are often low-cost or free, making them accessible to more people. Many are offered through local YMCAs, hospitals, faith-based organizations and public health departments, with some providing virtual options for added convenience.

COMMERCIAL WEIGHT-LOSS OPTIONS

Commercial programs offer a wide range of tools and approaches for weight management. Some focus on nutrition education and accountability while others provide structured plans with pre-packaged foods, digital tracking or meal delivery services.

WW (WeightWatchers)® – WW combines flexibility with structure through a points system that helps guide food choices while allowing freedom to enjoy a variety of foods. It offers in-person or virtual group meetings for support.

Nutrisystem® – Meal-replacement programs like Nutrisystem® deliver portion-controlled meals and snacks to simplify eating choices and encourage calorie awareness. These programs can help people start their weight-loss journey, though learning to maintain healthy habits after finishing the plan is important for long-term success.

Many commercial options now include mobile apps, online coaching and virtual communities for added support. Some offer access to telehealth providers who can give medical guidance or prescribe medications as part of a structured program. Costs can vary, so it is important to find an option that fits your budget and preferences. It is also a good idea to discuss any commercial plan with your healthcare provider, especially if you have other health conditions or take prescription medications. Look for programs that encourage balanced nutrition, regular activity and sustainable behavior change.

PHYSICIAN-SUPERVISED OPTIONS

Physician-supervised programs provide individualized care and medical oversight, often including a team of professionals such as doctors, dietitians and psychologists. These programs may involve nutrition counseling, behavioral therapy, prescription medications or medically supervised meal plans.

This approach is especially helpful for people who have obesity-related conditions such as type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure or sleep apnea. A medical provider can help identify underlying health factors that affect weight and create a safe, personalized plan.

Some clinics offer structured meal replacement programs like OPTIFAST® or HMR (Health Management Resources), which begin with closely supervised plans and gradually transition participants back to everyday foods. These programs also teach the skills needed to maintain weight loss over time.

Regular follow-up visits allow your healthcare team to monitor progress, adjust treatment as needed and address any challenges along the way. These programs differ from commercial or community-based options because they include medical evaluations and can incorporate prescription treatments when appropriate.

Insurance coverage can vary, so check your plan for details. Ask your healthcare provider if they offer a medical weight management program or can refer you to one covered by your insurance.

To find a healthcare provider trained in obesity medicine, visit ObesityCareProviders.com.

MEDICAL WEIGHT MANAGEMENT

Who Is a Candidate for Medications That Help Treat Obesity?

Many people find that lifestyle changes combined with prescription medications are effective for long-term weight management. The FDA has approved seven medications for adults with a BMI over 30, or over 27 with obesity-related conditions such as type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure or sleep apnea. Currently, three of these medications are approved for use in children and adolescents — two for ages 12 and older, and one for children as young as 2 years old who have rare, confirmed genetic forms of obesity. These medications are available by prescription only and must be discussed with your healthcare provider. The average weight-loss with these treatments ranges from 5% to 25% of starting weight, depending on the medication and individual response.

Will My Insurance Cover Medications to Treat Obesity?

Coverage for prescription obesity medications varies by state and insurance provider. Check your plan’s pharmacy benefits page on your insurer’s website to see which medications are included.

Talking With Your Healthcare Provider

It is important to discuss all medications with your healthcare provider before starting them. Your provider can review your medical history, current medications and health goals to determine which option is safest and most effective for you. Some side effects are temporary as your body adjusts, while others may require a dosage change or a different medication. Open communication helps ensure the best results and long-term safety.

A Closer Look at Medical Weight-loss Medications

Phentermine (Adipex®, Lomaira®, Suprenza®)
Approved since 1959, phentermine reduces appetite and contains a mild stimulant to boost energy. It is taken daily in the morning for short-term use.
Average weight-loss: 4% to 5% of starting weight
Concerns: May raise blood pressure and heart rate. Not recommended for those with heart conditions, uncontrolled hypertension, glaucoma or hyperthyroidism.

Orlistat (Xenical®, Alli®)
Orlistat blocks some fat from being absorbed by the body. Xenical is prescription-only, while Alli is an over-the-counter version.
Average weight-loss: About 5% of starting weight
Concerns: May cause mild digestive side effects like gas or cramping. Your doctor may suggest a multivitamin to prevent nutrient deficiencies. Works best with a moderate-fat diet.

Naltrexone/Bupropion (Contrave®)
Combines two medications that affect brain chemistry to reduce appetite and cravings.
Average weight-loss: 5% to 10% of starting weight over one year
Concerns: Possible side effects include nausea, constipation, headache or dizziness. May slightly increase blood pressure and heart rate.

Phentermine-Topiramate ER (Qsymia®)
Combines an appetite suppressant with a medication that increases fullness and reduces cravings.
Average weight-loss: 5% to 10% of starting weight, depending on dose
Concerns: May cause dry mouth, constipation or tingling sensations. Not recommended for women who are pregnant or planning pregnancy.

Liraglutide Injection (Saxenda®)
Originally developed for type 2 diabetes, Saxenda helps regulate blood sugar, slow digestion and increase fullness.
Average weight-loss: 5% to 10% of starting weight
Concerns: May cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea or constipation.

Semaglutide Injection (Wegovy®)
A GLP-1 receptor agonist that mimics a natural gut hormone to reduce appetite and improve fullness.
Average weight-loss: 15% to 17% of starting weight, with some achieving 20% or more
Concerns: Not for individuals with certain thyroid conditions. May cause nausea, diarrhea or constipation. Rare but serious risks include pancreatitis and gallbladder issues.

Semaglutide Oral (Wegovy® Tablet)
Oral semaglutide is a GLP-1 receptor agonist that helps regulate appetite and fullness. It works similarly to injectable semaglutide but is taken as a pill. The tablet must be taken first thing in the morning on an empty stomach with a small amount of plain water. Wait at least 30 minutes before eating, drinking or taking other medications so the medicine can be absorbed properly.
Average weight-loss: In a published study of the 25 mg tablet, participants lost an average of 13.6% of their starting weight, and about half lost 15% or more. Individual results vary.
Concerns: Not for individuals with certain thyroid cancers or Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia syndrome type 2 (MEN2). May cause nausea, diarrhea or constipation. Rare but serious risks include pancreatitis and gallbladder problems.

Tirzepatide (Zepbound®)
Mimics two gut hormones, GIP and GLP-1, to regulate appetite and digestion.
Average weight-loss: 15% to 25% of starting weight, with many losing 25% or more
Concerns: Similar side effects to GLP-1 medications, including nausea and constipation. Not suitable for people with specific thyroid or endocrine conditions.

Setmelanotide (Imcivree®)
Targets the brain’s melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) pathway to help control hunger and energy balance. Approved for children ages 2 and older and adults who have rare, confirmed genetic forms of obesity caused by changes in genes such as POMC, PCSK1, LEPR, SRC1, SH2B1 or Bardet-Biedl syndrome.
Average weight-loss: Varies by condition and individual response
Concerns: May cause skin darkening, especially in areas with freckles or moles, injection site reactions, nausea or headache. Treatment should be managed by a specialist familiar with rare genetic obesity disorders.

BARIATRIC SURGERY AND DEVICES

Bariatric surgery is a safe and effective treatment option for people with severe obesity and for some with obesity-related health complications. These procedures are recognized for the metabolic and hormonal changes they cause that play a role in hunger and satiety.

Bariatric surgery is a well-established approach for both weight-loss and the treatment of many conditions related to obesity. However, not everyone qualifies. There are specific requirements a person must meet to be considered a candidate. In addition to surgery, FDA-approved bariatric devices and less invasive options are available for the treatment of obesity.

Could You Be a Candiddate for Bariatric Surgery?

In 2022, the American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery (ASMBS) and the International Federation for the Surgery of Obesity and Metabolic Disease (IFSO) issued a joint statement confirming bariatric surgery as an effective approach for consistent, long-term weight-loss. They recommend:

- BMI greater than 35 kg/m², regardless of co-morbidities
- BMI 30 to 34.9 kg/m² with metabolic disease
- Adjusted BMI thresholds for Asian populations, with clinical obesity at greater than 25 kg/m² and surgery at greater than 27.5 kg/m²
- Appropriately selected children and adolescents may be considered

Benefits and Risks

Bariatric surgery can help improve or resolve conditions such as type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure and sleep apnea. Many patients find they need fewer medications and experience improved overall health. Average total body weight-loss typically ranges from 10% to 35%, depending on the procedure and individual factors.

Obesity is a complex chronic disease that requires lifelong management. Weight changes after surgery do not mean failure. They reflect the ongoing nature of the disease. Continued care, behavioral support and, in some cases, medication or additional procedures play an important role in maintaining health improvements over time. Surgical risks and potential complications vary by procedure and should be discussed with your healthcare provider.

Commonly Used Terms for Bariatric Surgery

Surgeries are performed using one of three approaches: open, laparoscopic or robotic. Your surgeon will determine which is best based on your medical history and their experience.

Open: Involves a single, larger incision to access the abdomen. While still performed, this is not as common.
Laparoscopic: Uses several small incisions through which a camera and instruments are inserted, allowing the surgeon to view and perform the operation on a monitor.
Robotic: Uses robotic-assisted technology controlled by the surgeon to enhance precision, visibility and flexibility.

Robotic Surgery

Robotic-assisted surgery is a minimally invasive approach in which the surgeon uses advanced tools to perform procedures with greater control, flexibility and precision. The robotic system acts as an extension of the surgeon’s hands and eyes, translating hand movements into precise actions inside the body.

During robotic-assisted surgery, the surgeon sits at a console in the operating room and controls the instruments while viewing a 3D high-definition image of the surgical area.

Robotic systems such as the da Vinci Surgical System® are used for many procedures, including bariatric surgeries like sleeve gastrectomy and gastric bypass. The robot itself does not perform the surgery — it enhances the surgeon’s ability to operate with greater precision.

Benefits:

- Smaller incisions and less scarring
- Shorter hospital stays and quicker recovery
- Greater precision and control
- Less blood loss and discomfort for some patients

Risks and Considerations

- Longer operating times in some cases
- Not available at all hospitals or clinics
- May be more expensive depending on insurance and facility

Robotic-assisted surgery can support a smoother recovery and greater precision in certain cases. It is not appropriate for every situation, so talk with your healthcare provider to see what is best for you.

Metabolic vs. Non-Metabolic Procedures

Metabolic operations, such as sleeve gastrectomy, gastric bypass and duodenal switch, alter the gastrointestinal tract and change hormone levels like ghrelin, GLP-1 and PYY, which affect hunger and metabolism. Non-metabolic options, such as adjustable gastric banding, restrict food intake without altering hormone secretion.

Bariatric Surgery Options

There are multiple surgical options, each with unique benefits and risks. Choosing the right one depends on individual health needs and goals. Bariatric surgery works best as part of a comprehensive care plan that includes nutrition, behavioral changes and physical activity.

Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy (VSG)

What is it?
The Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy, also called a sleeve gastrectomy, is one of the most common bariatric procedures

performed in the U.S. During surgery, about 75% of the stomach is removed, leaving a narrow, sleeve-shaped stomach about the size and shape of a banana. This smaller stomach limits how much food can be eaten and reduces hunger by lowering ghrelin levels, a hormone that stimulates appetite.

How is it performed?
The procedure is typically done laparoscopically or robotically through small incisions. The intestines are not bypassed, so digestion continues normally.

Benefits
The VSG helps reduce hunger, limits portion sizes and allows normal digestion and nutrient absorption. It usually has a shorter surgery and recovery time than other procedures.

Risks and considerations
Possible risks include leaks, bleeding or reflux. Vitamin supplementation may be recommended. Long-term results depend on continued healthy eating and physical activity.

Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB)

What is it?
Gastric bypass creates a small stomach pouch that connects directly to a lower part of the small intestine, reducing both food intake and nutrient absorption. The surgery also affects hormones that control hunger, fullness and blood sugar regulation.

How is it performed?
The Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass is now typically performed laparoscopically or robotically, using small incisions and specialized instruments. The procedure involves dividing the stomach to create a small pouch and rerouting part of the small intestine to form the bypass connection.

Benefits
RYGB has a long history of effectiveness in managing obesity and related conditions such as type 2 diabetes. It alters gut hormones in ways that support weight management and improved glucose control.

Risks and considerations
Because fewer nutrients are absorbed, lifelong vitamin and mineral supplements are required. Some people experience dumping syndrome after eating high-sugar foods, which can cause nausea, dizziness and a rapid heartbeat.

Biliopancreatic Diversion with Duodenal Switch (BPD/DS)

What is it?
The duodenal switch combines a sleeve-like stomach reduction with an intestinal bypass that limits calorie absorption. It changes gut hormones involved in appetite and metabolism and is known for its strong metabolic benefits.

How is it performed?
The procedure removes a large portion of the stomach and reroutes the small intestine to shorten the distance food travels before mixing with digestive juices. It is complex and performed mainly at specialized centers.

Benefits
BPD/DS can result in substantial and durable weight reduction and improvement in metabolic conditions like type 2 diabetes.

Risks and considerations
Because nutrient absorption is reduced, lifelong vitamin and mineral supplementation and close medical monitoring are required. Without proper follow-up, deficiencies in fat-soluble vitamins and minerals can occur.

Single Anastomosis Duodeno-Ileal Bypass with Sleeve Gastrectomy (SADI-S)

What is it?
The SADI-S combines a sleeve gastrectomy with a simplified intestinal bypass. It uses a single intestinal connection, reducing calorie absorption while maintaining hormonal benefits that improve metabolism.

How is it performed?
The stomach is reshaped into a sleeve and connected farther down the small intestine to limit calorie absorption.

Benefits
The SADI-S can offer lasting weight management and improved metabolic outcomes with fewer complications than the traditional duodenal switch.

Risks and considerations
Patients must monitor vitamin levels and may experience gastrointestinal issues such as diarrhea. Regular follow-up and nutritional guidance are essential for long-term management.

Adjustable Gastric Banding (LAP-BAND®)

What is it?
Adjustable gastric banding involves placing a silicone band around the upper portion of the stomach to create a small pouch. This restricts the amount of food that can be eaten and promotes a feeling of fullness.

How is it performed?
The band’s tightness can be adjusted by adding or removing saline through a small port located under the skin. The procedure does not involve cutting or rerouting the stomach or intestines.

Benefits
Recovery is typically quicker than with other bariatric procedures and the band can be adjusted or removed if needed.

Risks and considerations
Regular follow-up is required for adjustments and monitoring. Some people may need the band removed or revised due to slippage, erosion or inadequate results.

MINIMALLY INVASIVE AND ENDOSCOPIC OPTIONS

Endoscopic Sleeve Gastroplasty (ESG)

What is it?
Endoscopic Sleeve Gastroplasty is a minimally invasive, non-surgical procedure used to help manage obesity. During ESG, a flexible tube with a camera and suturing device is inserted through the mouth to place stitches inside the stomach, making it smaller — about 70% to 80% of its original size. This helps people feel full sooner and stay full longer without removing stomach tissue or making external incisions. ESG provides a minimally invasive option for individuals seeking weight management support. It works best as part of a comprehensive treatment plan that includes nutrition, physical activity, behavioral strategies and medical follow-up.

How is it performed?
ESG is performed under general anesthesia and usually takes one to two hours. Most patients go home the same day. Because the stomach is reshaped rather than bypassed, digestion continues normally.

Benefits
ESG offers a less invasive approach for people seeking additional support beyond lifestyle changes or medications. It involves no external scars, has a lower risk of complications than traditional surgery and allows a shorter recovery time. Many patients return to normal activities within a few days.

Risks and considerations
Mild side effects such as nausea or abdominal discomfort may occur but usually resolve quickly. Serious complications are rare. After the procedure, patients follow a structured diet and work with a healthcare team to support long-term management.

Intragastric Balloons

What is it?
Intragastric balloons are temporary devices placed in the stomach to promote fullness and portion control. A soft silicone balloon is inserted endoscopically and filled with saline or gas to occupy space in the stomach.

How it helps
The balloon helps people eat smaller portions and feel satisfied sooner. It is typically left in place for about six months and then removed.

Benefits
No incisions, quick procedure and short recovery time. It can serve as a bridge to longer-term treatment options.

Risks and considerations
Some people experience nausea or cramping in the first few days. The device must be removed endoscopically. Weight changes can occur if follow-up care and lifestyle support are not maintained. Availability may vary, and patients should consult with their multidisciplinary care team, including a gastroenterologist, bariatric specialist and dietitian, to determine suitability and availability.

LONG-TERM CARE AND MAINTENANCE

Managing obesity is a lifelong process. Even after reaching a weight or health goal, continued care and support help maintain progress and manage changes over time. Regular check-ins with your healthcare team and ongoing access to treatment and resources are key.

Weight may fluctuate over time. That is normal and part of managing a chronic disease. Stay connected to your support system and use follow-up visits to review progress, address challenges and adjust your care plan as needed. Ongoing management means staying engaged in your care, being kind to yourself and recognizing that every step toward better health matters.

CONCLUSION

There are many safe and effective options for treating obesity and severe obesity. No single approach works for everyone, and what helps one person may not be right for another. Managing obesity takes time, patience and support. Working with a team of healthcare providers can help you choose and adjust the tools that best support your long-term health and goals.

Because obesity is a chronic disease, ongoing care, lifestyle changes and regular medical follow-up are essential for maintaining health and supporting lasting weight management. You do not have to do this alone — help is available and progress is possible.

To find qualified healthcare professionals who specialize in obesity care, visit the Obesity Care Provider Locator powered by the Obesity Action Coalition at ObesityCareProviders.com.

This resource is provided with support from Eli Lilly, Novo Nordisk and Boston Scientific.

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